The concept of borderline states, of individuals with defective ego formation who cannot be analyzed by classical techniques and who may progress into overt manifest schizophrenic psychosis, has been deepened by an understanding of how neurotic symptoms cover a psychosis. Paul Hoch and Philip Polatin have coined the term «pseudo neurotic schizophrenia» for this concept: «Pseudoneurotic Forms of Schizophrenia», The Psychiatric Quarterly, XXIII (April 1949), 248-76. For background see also: Robert P. Knight, «Borderline States», Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, XVII (1953), 1-12; and, Leo Rangell, «Panel Report: The Borderline Case», Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, III (1955), 285-90.

D. W. Winnicott, «Transitorial Objects and Transitional Phenomena: A Study of the First 'Not-Me' Possession», International Journal of Psychoanalysis, XXXIV (1953), 89-97.

Freud's article for the 1926 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, in: Standard Edition, XX, 256.

Ernest Jones, «The Oedipus Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive», American Journal of Psychology, II (1910), 72-113. From 1923 on, Jones constantly revised and published this in successive editions in book form. Although himself aware of the dangers of «reductionism» (see his preface to the 1943 edition), Jones was apparently unable to avoid them.

For analyses of the state of applied psychoanalysis, see Heinz Kohut, M.D., «Beyond the Bounds of the Basic Rule», Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, VIII (1960), 567-86. See also: John E. Mack, «Psychoanalysis and Historical Biography», Ibid., XIX (1971), 143-79. Fritz Schmidl, «Problems of Method in Applied Psychoanalysis», Psychoanalytic Quarterly, XLI (1972), num. 3.

José Barchilon, M.D., «A Study of Camus» Mythopoeic Tale 'The Fall' with some Comments about the Origin of Esthetic Feelings», Ibid., XIX (1971), 229.

Galdós, «Fortunata y Jacinta», Las Obras Completas, ed. Federico Carlos Sáinz de Robles, 5th ed. (Madrid: Aguilar, 1967), V, 158. Hereafter: Galdós, «Fortunata y Jacinta», Obras. All quotations are from this edition.

On family relations and schizophrenia, see: T. Lidz, M.D., A. Cornelison, Mss., D. Terry, Ph.D., and S. Fleck, M.D., «Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient: VI. The Transmission of Irrationality», AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, LXXVII (1958), 305-16. See also L Wynne, M.D., Ph.D., and M. Singer, Ph.D., «Thought Disorder and Family Relations of Schizophrenics», Archives of General Psychiatry, IX (1963), 191-206.

Julio Caro Baroja considers the Conversos to be a major factor in the novel, believing that not only the Rubíns but the Santa Cruz family of Juanito may be Nuevos Cristianos (judging by the latter's patronym, and the family background of merchandising cloth in the Plaza de Pontejos, the district Caro believes to have been the Converso center: Los Judíos en la España Moderna y Contemporánea, III (Madrid, 1962), 180, 196-97. Mercedes Formica, women's editor of ABC, translated Caro's cautious speculation into a fact when reviewing the movie of Fortunata y Jacinta: ABC, May 31, 1970. Galdós' account of the Rubíns may reflect the new interest in the 1880's in Spanish Jews, due largely to Dr. Ángel Pulido, a Senator, who led a campaign to restore ties between Spain and the Sephardim throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Galdós knew Pulido, directly or indirectly, because of his contacts with a group of 'reform psychiatrists' (see below, pages 26-28). In any event, Galdós signed in 1916 a letter, jointly with Pulido, publicly supporting Spanish protection for the Sephardim of the Levant: Caro, Los Judíos, III, 204.

Dr. Ángel Garma, a Spanish psychoanalyst, also infers this from the evidence: «Jaqueca, seudooligofrenia y delirio en un personaje de Pérez Galdós», first published in Acta Neuropsiquiátrica Argentina, III (1957), 143-54, and reprinted in, Ficción (Buenos Aires), XIV (1958), 84-102.